worm identification
- Thread starter bassman
- Start date
Blackpylie
Senior Member
coral worm, Its very destructive to remove them from the nest, i usually stay away from using them, and because they are so small id put 3 or four hanging from its hard head, the hook (2/0 or 3/0) for gallies, kolstert, and hottentot
maroodt wrote:
That sounds a bit like the guys catching aquarium fish with cyanide. Not destructive at that point, but everything dies in a few weeks.
I'm not saying handy andy is destructive, but then why are the worms trying to avoid it? Would like to hear the environmental experts' opinion on this - if it is safe it will be a top tip!
That sounds a bit like the guys catching aquarium fish with cyanide. Not destructive at that point, but everything dies in a few weeks.
I'm not saying handy andy is destructive, but then why are the worms trying to avoid it? Would like to hear the environmental experts' opinion on this - if it is safe it will be a top tip!
Just git this from a website:
It also removes stubborn stains and burned on grease.
Ammonia [line] General Information: Un-ionized ammonia (NH3) is a colorless gas at standard temperature and pressure. A pungent odor is detectable at levels above 50 ppm (NRC, 1979). Ammonia is very soluble in water at low (acidic) pH.
Ammonia levels in zero-salinity surface water increase with increasing pH and temperature (see Table 1). At low pH and temperature, ammonia combines with water to produce an ammonium ion (NH4+) and a hydroxide ion (OH-). The ammonium ion is non-toxic and not of concern to organisms. Above a pH of 9, un-ionized ammonia is the predominant species (Morgan et al., 1981). The un-ionized ammonia (NH3) can cross cell membranes more readily at higher pH values. The increased concentration that can enter the aquatic organism heightens the toxic effect (NRC, 1979).
Table 1. Percent total ammonia present in the toxic, un-ionized ammonia form in a zero salinity solution (USEPA, 1987).
[line]
[line] Ammonia remains in the atmosphere only 5 - 10 days before being deposited or chemically altered. The fate of atmospheric ammonia is largely a function of global location and weather conditions. If ammonia is introduced into a pristine water system (neutral pH or slightly less), it is readily converted to nitrate by nitrification and becomes harmless to aquatic life (NRC, 1979). (For more information, refer to nitrification in the nitrate-nitrite section.)
Ammonia often serves as the primary or secondary source of nitrogen for plant life. While some plants prefer ammonia to other forms of nitrogen, other plants prefer nitrate but can assimilate gaseous ammonia if necessary (NRC, 1979).
It also removes stubborn stains and burned on grease.
Ammonia [line] General Information: Un-ionized ammonia (NH3) is a colorless gas at standard temperature and pressure. A pungent odor is detectable at levels above 50 ppm (NRC, 1979). Ammonia is very soluble in water at low (acidic) pH.
Ammonia levels in zero-salinity surface water increase with increasing pH and temperature (see Table 1). At low pH and temperature, ammonia combines with water to produce an ammonium ion (NH4+) and a hydroxide ion (OH-). The ammonium ion is non-toxic and not of concern to organisms. Above a pH of 9, un-ionized ammonia is the predominant species (Morgan et al., 1981). The un-ionized ammonia (NH3) can cross cell membranes more readily at higher pH values. The increased concentration that can enter the aquatic organism heightens the toxic effect (NRC, 1979).
Table 1. Percent total ammonia present in the toxic, un-ionized ammonia form in a zero salinity solution (USEPA, 1987).
[line]
Code:
Temp pH
Code:
(C) 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
Code:
5 0.013 0.040 0.12 0.39 1.2 3.8 11 28 56
10 0.019 0.059 0.19 0.59 1.8 5.6 16 37 65
15 0.027 0.087 0.27 0.86 2.7 8.0 21 46 73
20 0.040 0.13 0.40 1.2 3.8 11 28 56 80
25 0.057 0.18 0.57 1.8 5.4 15 36 64 85
30 0.080 0.25 0.80 2.5 7.5 20 45 72 89Ammonia often serves as the primary or secondary source of nitrogen for plant life. While some plants prefer ammonia to other forms of nitrogen, other plants prefer nitrate but can assimilate gaseous ammonia if necessary (NRC, 1979).
Health Effects: The ammonia molecule is a nutrient required for life. However, if excess ammonia is available, free ammonia may accumulate in the body and cause deleterious secondary effects, such as alteration of metabolism or increases in the body pH (NRC, 1979).
Ammonia is an irritant that often affects the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. If ingested, ammonia will corrode the lining of the mouth, esophagus, and stomach (NRC, 1979).
Environmental Effects: Ammonia levels in excess of the recommended limits may harm aquatic life. Although the ammonia molecule is a nutrient required for life, excess ammonia may accumulate in the organism and cause alteration of metabolism or increases in body pH (NRC, 1979). Fish may suffer a loss of equilibrium, hyperexcitability, increased respiratory activity and oxygen uptake, and increased heart rate. At extreme ammonia levels, fish may experience convulsions, coma, and death. Experiments have shown that the lethal concentration for a variety of fish species ranges from 0.2 to 2.0 mg/l. Trout appear to be most susceptible of these fish and carp the least (USEPA, 1987).
Slightly elevated ammonia levels falling within the acceptable range may adversely impact aquatic life. Fish may experience a reduction in hatching success; reduction in growth rate and morphological development; and injury to gill tissue, liver, and kidneys (USEPA, 1987). Experiments have shown that exposure to un-ionized ammonia concentrations as low as 0.002 mg/l for six weeks causes hyperplasia of gill lining in salmon fingerlings and may lead to bacterial gill disease (NRC, 1979).
Ammonia is an irritant that often affects the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. If ingested, ammonia will corrode the lining of the mouth, esophagus, and stomach (NRC, 1979).
Environmental Effects: Ammonia levels in excess of the recommended limits may harm aquatic life. Although the ammonia molecule is a nutrient required for life, excess ammonia may accumulate in the organism and cause alteration of metabolism or increases in body pH (NRC, 1979). Fish may suffer a loss of equilibrium, hyperexcitability, increased respiratory activity and oxygen uptake, and increased heart rate. At extreme ammonia levels, fish may experience convulsions, coma, and death. Experiments have shown that the lethal concentration for a variety of fish species ranges from 0.2 to 2.0 mg/l. Trout appear to be most susceptible of these fish and carp the least (USEPA, 1987).
Slightly elevated ammonia levels falling within the acceptable range may adversely impact aquatic life. Fish may experience a reduction in hatching success; reduction in growth rate and morphological development; and injury to gill tissue, liver, and kidneys (USEPA, 1987). Experiments have shown that exposure to un-ionized ammonia concentrations as low as 0.002 mg/l for six weeks causes hyperplasia of gill lining in salmon fingerlings and may lead to bacterial gill disease (NRC, 1979).
Quote:
Detergents can have poisonous effects in all types of aquatic life if they are present in sufficient quantities, and this includes the biodegradable detergents. All detergents destroy the external mucus layers that protect the fish from bacteria and parasites; plus they can cause severe damage to the gills. Most fish will die when detergent concentrations approach 15 parts per million. Detergent concentrations as low as 5 ppm will kill fish eggs. Surfactant detergents are implicated in decreasing the breeding ability of aquatic organisms.
Detergents can have poisonous effects in all types of aquatic life if they are present in sufficient quantities, and this includes the biodegradable detergents. All detergents destroy the external mucus layers that protect the fish from bacteria and parasites; plus they can cause severe damage to the gills. Most fish will die when detergent concentrations approach 15 parts per million. Detergent concentrations as low as 5 ppm will kill fish eggs. Surfactant detergents are implicated in decreasing the breeding ability of aquatic organisms.